The Origins of Juidiasm Chapter 3 Section 4 Guided Reading Answers
Cambridge IELTS fifteen Academic Reading Test 4 with Answers
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about xx minutes onQuestions1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The return of the huarango
The arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the render of a native found
The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also 1 of the most delicate ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains at that place, and the only yr-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface. This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life in that location: it has the longest roots of any tree in the earth. They stretch downwards l-80 metres and, every bit well equally sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.
Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower Ica Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people's diet and, considering it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, equally there is nothing to keep the soil in identify. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. Cypher grows at all in the Lower Ica Valley now.
For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Centre Ica Valley too. They grew vegetables under information technology and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. Just now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture – initially, these were smallholdings, but at present they're huge farms producing crops for the international market.
'Of the forests that were hither 1,000 years agone, 99 per cent have already gone,' says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the apace disappearing habitat. In society to succeed, Whaley needs to go the local people on lath, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices. 'Increasingly aspirational communities recollect that if you institute food trees in your home or street, it shows y'all are poor, and still demand to grow your own nutrient,' he says. In gild to finish the Middle Ica Valley going the same way as the Lower Ica Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to dearest the huarangos over again. 'It's a process of cultural resuscitation,' he says. He has already set a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren establish thousands of trees.
'In order to become people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,' says Whaley. Then, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos past turning their products into foodstuffs. 'Boil upwardly the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You tin as well utilize it in drinks, soups or stews.' The pods can exist footing into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey 'coffee'. 'Information technology's packed full of vitamins and minerals,' Whaley says.
And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, possessor of Ica Valley'due south only certified organic farm, which Whaley helped set upward, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers' marketplace in Lima. His subcontract is relatively modest and doesn't yet provide him with plenty to live on, just he hopes this volition change. 'The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru,' Benevides says. 'I am investing in the time to come.'
Simply fifty-fifty if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and pause up the corridors that allow the essential move of mammals, birds and pollen upwards and down the narrow wood strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he'southward persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra woodland will also do good the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.
'If we can record biodiversity and meet how it all works, so nosotros're in a practiced position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little,' Whaley explains. 'Information technology's not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If yous but have a few trees left, the population tin abound up quickly because it's used to exploiting water when it arrives.' He sees his project as a model that has the potential to exist rolled out beyond other arid areas around the world. 'If nosotros tin can do information technology hither, in the near fragile organisation on Earth, then that's a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where in that location is drought and they just can't afford to wait for rain.'
Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
ChooseONE Give-and-take ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxesane-5 on your reply sheet.
The importance of the huarango tree
– its roots tin extend as far as lxxx metres into the soil
– can accessi………………… deep beneath the surface
– was a crucial part of local inhabitants'2………………… a long fourth dimension ago
– helped people to survive periods of3…………………..
– prevents4………………… of the soil
– prevents land from becoming afive…………………
Questions vi-viii
Complete the tabular array beneath.
ChooseNO More than THAN Two WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxeshalf dozen-8 on your respond sheet.
Traditional uses of the huarango tree | |
| Part of tree | Traditional utilise |
| vi……………….. | Fuel |
| 7………………. and ………………. | Medicine |
| 8……………… | structure |
Questions nine-thirteen
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes9-13 on your answer sheet, write
Truthful if the argument agrees with the data
Simulated if the statement contradicts the data
NotGIVEN if there is no information on this
9 Local families take told Whaley nigh some traditional uses of huarango products.
x Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a expert profit from growing huarangos.
11 Whaley needs the co-operation of farmers to aid preserve the expanse's wildlife.
12 For Whaley's project to succeed, information technology needs to be extended over a very big surface area.
13 Whaley has plans to go to Africa to prepare a similar project.
READING PASSAGE two
You should spend about 20 minutes onQuestions xiv-26 which are based on Reading Passage two beneath.
Silbo Gomero – the whistle 'linguistic communication' of the Canary Islands
La Gomera is 1 of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest declension of Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 metres at its highest top. It is also abode to the all-time known of the world's whistle 'languages', a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.
This 'language', known equally 'Silbo' or 'Silbo Gomero' – from the Spanish word for 'whistle' – is at present shedding light on the language-processing abilities of the man brain, according to scientists. Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.
'Scientific discipline has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to linguistic communication, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can exist recognised equally linguistic communication,' says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones. A whistler – orsilbador– puts a finger in his or her oral fissure to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other paw tin exist cupped to arrange the management of the sound. 'In that location is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal,' explains lead researcher Manuel Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife. Because whistled 'words' can be difficult to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to brand themselves understood.
The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mount folk, and their novel ways of staying in bear upon allows them to communicate over distances of up to ten kilometres. Carreiras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles. 'In daily life they employ whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.' Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
The study team used neuroimaging equipment to dissimilarity the brain action of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish. Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is ordinarily associated with spoken linguistic communication, was engaged during the processing of Silbo. The researchers plant that other central regions in the encephalon's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language amongst deaf people. When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, all the same, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.
'Our results provide more evidence nigh the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms,' Corina says. 'These information suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adjusted for chatty purposes, independent of the modality of point. The non-Silbo speakers were not recognising Silbo equally a linguistic communication. They had zip to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated.'
Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, merely that ethnic Canary Islanders, who were of Due north African origin, already had a whistled linguistic communication when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century. Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, Red china, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in southern Europe. There are thought to be equally many as 70 whistled languages nonetheless in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically. This course of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are frequently isolated from each other, according to Julien Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France. 'They are by and large used in mountains or dense forests,' he says. 'Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups.'
But with modernistic communication technology at present widely available, researchers say whistled languages similar Silbo are threatened with extinction. With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries' authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival. Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools. In improver, locals are seeking assistance from the United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 'The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for humanity,' Carreiras adds.
Questions 14-19
Do the post-obit statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxesfourteen-19 on your respond sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the data
FALSE if the argument contradicts the data
NotGIVEN if at that place is no data on this
fourteen La Gomera is the nearly mountainous of all the Canary Islands.
fifteen Silbo is just appropriate for curt and elementary messages.
16 In the encephalon-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers produced dissimilar results.
17 The Spanish introduced Silbo to the islands in the 15th century.
18 In that location is precise data available regarding all of the whistle languages in existence today.
19 The children of Gomera now learn Silbo.
Questions 18-22
Consummate the notes below.
ChooseOne Discussion ONLY from the passage for each reply.
Write your answers in boxes20-26 on your answer canvass.
Silbo Gomero
How Silbo is produced
● high- and low-frequency tones correspond different sounds in Castilian20……………
● pitch of whistle is controlled using silbador's21……………
● 22………….. is changed with a cupped hand
How Silbo is used
● has long been used by shepherds and people living in secluded locations
● in everyday utilise for the transmission of brief23……………
● can relay essential information quickly, due east.g. to inform people most24……………
The time to come of Silbo
● time to come under threat considering of new25……………
● Canaries' authorities hoping to receive a UNESCO26……………. to help preserve it
READING PASSAGE three
You should spend most 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 beneath.
Environmental practices of big businesses
The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped past a central fact that for many of us offend our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business organization may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the curt term, by damaging the environs and hurting people. That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with decadent officials and unsophisticated landowners. When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally enlightened, environmentally clean large businesses may out-compete muddied ones, but the reverse is likely to be truthful if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn't intendance.
It is easy for the residual of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities just profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do and then by legal means. U.s.a. laws make a company's directors legally liable for something termed 'alienation of fiduciary responsibleness' if they knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford's humanitarian sentiments virtually his employees were dainty, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.
Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the condition that let a business organisation profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, information technology is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to brand such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to brand sustainable environmental policies profitable.
The public tin do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster, in which over 40,000m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska. The public may also make their opinion felt past preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their ain management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a skillful ecology track tape; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring proficient environmental practices.
In plow, big businesses can practiced powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government force per unit area. For instance, after the U.s. public became concerned nearly the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government's Nutrient and Drug Administration introduced rules enervating that the meat manufacture carelessness practices associated with the risk of the illness spreading. But for five years the meat packers refused to follow these, challenge that they would exist too expensive to obey. However, when a major fast-food company then made the same demands afterwards customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat manufacture complied inside weeks. The public's job is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-nutrient chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gilded miners.
Some readers may exist disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to embrace the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the conventionalities that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I call back we take to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically complex homo societies, government regulation has arisen precisely considering it was institute that not only did moral principles demand to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.
To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the beliefs of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My determination is non a moralistic one well-nigh who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a practiced guy or a bad guy. In the by, businesses take changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public didn't want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses' ecology practices.
Questions 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words,A-J, below.
Write the correct letter of the alphabet,A-J, in boxes27-31 on your answer canvass.
Big businesses
Many big businesses today are prepared to harm people and the environment in guild to make money, and they announced to have no27………………. . Lack of28……………….. by governments and lack of public29………………. can pb to environmental problems such as30……………….. or the destruction of31……………….
A fundingB copseC rare species
D moral standardsE commandF involvement
Yard floodingH overfishingI worker support
Question 32-34
Choose the correct letter,A,B,C orD.
Write the correct alphabetic character in boxes32-34 on your reply sheet.
32 The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damage
A requires political action if it is to be stopped.
B is the result of ignorance on the part of the public.
C could exist prevented by the activity of ordinary people.
D can simply exist stopped by educating business leaders.
33 In the quaternary paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public can
A reduce their ain individual bear upon on the environment.
B larn more about the impact of business of the environs.
C raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters.
D influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.
34 What pressure level was exerted past big concern in the example of the disease BSE?
A Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-nutrient chains.
B A fast-nutrient company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.
C Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.
D A fast-food visitor encouraged the government to innovate legislation.
Questions 35-39
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the author in Reading Passage iii?
In boxes35-39 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the argument agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the author
NonGIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks near this
35 The public should be prepared to fund good ecology practices.
36 In that location is a contrast between the moral principles of dissimilar businesses.
37 It is of import to brand a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
38 The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past.
39 In the future, businesses volition show more than business concern for the environment.
Question twoscore
Choose the correct letter of the alphabet,A,B,C orD.
Write the correct letter in box40 on your answer sail.
40 What would be the best subheading for this passage?
A Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?
B How tin can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?
C What environmental dangers are acquired past the greed of businesses?
D Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?
Cambridge IELTS xv Academic Reading Test four Answers
1. h2o
2. diet
3. drought
4. erosion
5. desert
6. (its / huarango / the) branches
seven. IN EITHER Order (BOTH REQUIRED FOR 1 MARK) leaves (and) bark
8. (its / huarango / the) trunk
9. NOT GIVEN
10. False
11. TRUE
12. FALSE
xiii. NOT GIVEN
xiv. Not GIVEN
15. Simulated
xvi. TRUE
17. Simulated
eighteen. Fake
19. Truthful
xx. words
21. finger
22. direction
23. commands
24. fires
25. technology
26. award
27. D
28. E
29. F
xxx. H
31. B
32. C
33. D
34. B
35. YES
36. NOT GIVEN
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. D
Also Check: IELTS High Score Vocabulary Listing Free Download
Practice: Cambridge IELTS xv Academic Reading Test 2 with Answers
Source: https://www.ieltsxpress.com/cambridge-ielts-15-academic-reading-test-4/
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